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Philadelphia Civic Opera Company
The Philadelphia Civic Opera Company (PCOC) was an American opera company located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that was actively performing between 1924 and 1930. Founded by Philadelphia socialite Mrs. Henry M. Tracy, the company was established partially through funds provided by the city of Philadelphia and its then-mayor, W. Freeland Kendrick. The company was led by Artistic Director Alexander Smallens. Tracy served as the company's President and ran the business side of the organization while Smallens served as the company's primary conductor and made all of the artistic decisions.〔"Civic Opera Succeeds", ''The New York Times'', April 5, 1925〕 W. Attmore Robinson was later brought in to help Smallens with some of the artistic direction. The company performed between 10 and 15 operas every year during an annual season until it went bankrupt a year after the Wall Street Crash of 1929.〔"OPERA COMPANY DISBANDS; Philadelphia Civic Organization Quits for Lack of Finances", ''The New York Times'', April 4, 1930〕
==Performance history==
The PCOC performed all of their productions at Philadelphia's Metropolitan Opera House (MOH) up through the spring of 1928. The company's first performance was of Giacomo Puccini's ''La bohème'' on November 6, 1924 with Anna Fitziu as Mimì, Romeo Boscacci as Rodolfo, Alfredo Gondolfi as Marcello, Emily Stokes Hagar as Musetta, and Smallens conducting.〔New York Public Library for the Performing Arts: ''Folder: Philadelphia Civic Opera Company''〕 Occasionally the company presented more rarely heard works, including the American premieres of Erich Wolfgang Korngold's ''Der Ring des Polykrates'' (February 10, 1927), Manuel de Falla's ''El amor brujo'' (March 17, 1927), Richard Strauss's ''Feuersnot'' (December 2, 1927),〔Olin Downes, "STRAUSS OPERA HAS AMERICAN PREMIERE; ''Feuersnoth'', in One Act, Is Sung by the Philadelphia Civic Company. LAID IN TWELFTH CENTURY ''Die Maeinkonigen'', a Pretty Pastoral Work by Gluck, Also Given Before Brilliant Audience", ''The New York Times'', December 2, 1927〕 and Strauss's ''Ariadne auf Naxos'' (November 1, 1928).〔Olin Downes, "STRAUSS OPERA HAS AMERICAN PREMIERE; ''Ariadne of Naxos'' is Admirably Given by Philadelphia Civic Company. ITS WIT IS DELIGHTFUL A Novel and Lively Work With a Buffo Thread Interwoven With the Heroic Element", ''The New York Times'', November 2, 1928〕 However, the company mainly presented works from the standard opera repertory.〔
In the autumn of 1928 the company began performing at the Academy of Music instead of the MOH. Their first performance at the Academy was Giuseppe Verdi's ''Aida'' on October 18, 1928 with Emily Roosevelt in the title role, Paul Althouse as Radamès, Julia Claussen as Amneris, Reinhold Schmidt as the King of Egypt, Nelson Eddy as Amonasro, and Smallens conducting. The PCOC continued to perform at the Academy up until financial problems forced the company to disband in 1930.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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